Getah Virus: From Molecular Evolution to Prevention and Control Strategies

Abstract

Getah virus (GETV) is an arbovirus belonging to the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. Since its initial isolation in Malaysia in 1955, GETV has expanded from its original confinement in the island regions of the South Pacific to cover a broad geographical range extending up to 60^°N latitude. GETV is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus primarily transmitted by mosquitoes. Studies indicate that the spread of GETV across Eurasia has been increasing. The range of infected animal species has expanded from horses and pigs to include cattle, blue foxes, and red pandas, resulting in significant economic losses to the livestock industry. Although there have been no confirmed reports of GETV causing human disease, antibodies against GETV have been detected in the serum of healthy individuals in several countries, suggesting a potential public health risk. This review provides a systematic overview of the epidemiological characteristics, molecular biology, and public health implications of GETV, with an emphasis on its potential threat to both animal and human health. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns, molecular genetic evolution, clinical implications, public health significance, and future research directions of GETV are discussed in detail.